The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations

Swami, V. and Tran, U.S. and Barron, D. and Afhami, R. and Aimé, A. and Almenara, C.A. and Alp Dal, N. and Amaral, A.C.S. and Andrianto, S. and Anjum, G. and Argyrides, M. and Atari, M. and Aziz, M. and Banai, B. and Borowiec, J. and Brewis, A. and Cakir Kocak, Y. and Campos, J.A.D.B. and Carmona, C. and Chaleeraktrakoon, T. and Chen, H. and Chobthamkit, P. and Choompunuch, B. and Constantinos, T. and Crumlish, A. and Cruz, J.E. and Dalley, S.E. and Damayanti, D. and Dare, J. and Donofrio, S.M. and Draksler, A. and Escasa-Dorne, M. and Fernandez, E.F. and Ferreira, M.E.C. and Frederick, D.A. and García, A.A. and Geller, S. and George, A. and Ghazieh, L. and Goian, C. and Gorman, C. and Grano, C. and Handelzalts, J.E. and Horsburgh, H. and Jackson, T. and Javela Delgado, L.G.J. and Jovi�, M. and Jovi�, M. and Kantanista, A. and Kertechian, S.K. and Kessels, L. and Król-Zieli�ska, M. and Kuan, G. and Kueh, Y.C. and Kumar, S. and Kvalem, I.L. and Lombardo, C. and Luis López Almada, E. and Maïano, C. and Manjary, M. and Massar, K. and Matera, C. and Mereiles, J.F.F. and Meskó, N. and Namatame, H. and Nerini, A. and Neto, F. and Neto, J. and Neves, A.N. and Ng, S.-K. and Nithiya, D.R. and Omar, S.S. and Omori, M. and Panasiti, M.S. and Pavela Banai, I. and Pila, E. and Pokrajac-Bulian, A. and Postuvan, V. and Prichard, I. and Razmus, M. and Sabiston, C.M. and Sahlan, R.N. and Sarfo, J.O. and Sawamiya, Y. and Stieger, S. and SturtzSreetharan, C. and Tee, E. and ten Hoor, G.A. and Thongpibul, K. and Tipandjan, A. and Tudorel, O. and Tylka, T. and Vally, Z. and Vargas-Nieto, J.C. and Vega, L.D. and Vidal-Mollón, J. and Vintila, M. and Williams, D. and Wutich, A. and Yamamiya, Y. and Zambrano, D. and Zanetti, M.C. and Živ�i�-Be�irevi�, I. and Voracek, M. (2020) The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations. Body Image, 32. pp. 199-217.

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Abstract

The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and psychological well-being). In the total dataset, 47.5 of women wanted larger breasts than they currently had, 23.2 wanted smaller breasts, and 29.3 were satisfied with their current breast size. There were significant cross-national differences in mean ideal breast size and absolute breast size dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small (η2 = .02�.03). The results of multilevel modelling showed that greater Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, lower Western media exposure, greater local media exposure, lower financial security, and younger age were associated with greater breast size dissatisfaction across nations. In addition, greater absolute breast size dissatisfaction was associated with greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction, poorer breast awareness, and poorer psychological well-being across nations. These results indicate that breast size dissatisfaction is a global public health concern linked to women's psychological and physical well-being. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

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