Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Graetz, N. and Woyczynski, L. and Wilson, K.F. and Hall, J.B. and Abate, K.H. and Abd-Allah, F. and Adebayo, O.M. and Adekanmbi, V. and Afshari, M. and Ajumobi, O. and Akinyemiju, T. and Alahdab, F. and Al-Aly, Z. and Rabanal, J.E.A. and Alijanzadeh, M. and Alipour, V. and Altirkawi, K. and Amiresmaili, M. and Anber, N.H. and Andrei, C.L. and Anjomshoa, M. and Antonio, C.A.T. and Arabloo, J. and Aremu, O. and Aryal, K.K. and Asadi-Aliabadi, M. and Atique, S. and Ausloos, M. and Awasthi, A. and Quintanilla, B.P.A. and Azari, S. and Badawi, A. and Banoub, J.A.M. and Barker-Collo, S.L. and Barnett, A. and Bedi, N. and Bennett, D.A. and Bhattacharjee, N.V. and Bhattacharyya, K. and Bhattarai, S. and Bhutta, Z.A. and Bijani, A. and Bikbov, B. and Britton, G. and Burstein, R. and Butt, Z.A. and Cárdenas, R. and Carvalho, F. and Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. and Castro, F. and Cerin, E. and Chang, J.-C. and Collison, M.L. and Cooper, C. and Cork, M.A. and Daoud, F. and Das Gupta, R. and Weaver, N.D. and De Neve, J.-W. and Deribe, K. and Desalegn, B.B. and Deshpande, A. and Desta, M. and Dhimal, M. and Diaz, D. and Dinberu, M.T. and Djalalinia, S. and Dubey, M. and Dubljanin, E. and Durães, A.R. and Dwyer-Lindgren, L. and Earl, L. and Kalan, M.E. and El-Khatib, Z. and Eshrati, B. and Faramarzi, M. and Fareed, M. and Faro, A. and Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. and Fernandes, E. and Filip, I. and Fischer, F. and Fukumoto, T. and García, J.A. and Gill, P.S. and Gill, T.K. and Gona, P.N. and Gopalani, S.V. and Grada, A. and Guo, Y. and Gupta, R. and Gupta, V. and Haj-Mirzaian, A. and Haj-Mirzaian, A. and Hamadeh, R.R. and Hamidi, S. and Hasan, M. and Hassen, H.Y. and Hendrie, D. and Henok, A. and Henry, N.J. and Prado, B.H. and Herteliu, C. and Hole, M.K. and Hossain, N. and Hosseinzadeh, M. and Hu, G. and Ilesanmi, O.S. and Irvani, S.S.N. and Islam, S.M.S. and Izadi, N. and Jakovljevic, M. and Jha, R.P. and Ji, J.S. and Jonas, J.B. and Shushtari, Z.J. and Jozwiak, J.J. and Kanchan, T. and Kasaeian, A. and Karyani, A.K. and Keiyoro, P.N. and Kesavachandran, C.N. and Khader, Y.S. and Khafaie, M.A. and Khan, E.A. and Khater, M.M. and Kiadaliri, A.A. and Kiirithio, D.N. and Kim, Y.J. and Kimokoti, R.W. and Kinyoki, D.K. and Kisa, A. and Kosen, S. and Koyanagi, A. and Krishan, K. and Defo, B.K. and Kumar, M. and Kumar, P. and Lami, F.H. and Lee, P.H. and Levine, A.J. and Li, S. and Liao, Y. and Lim, L.-L. and Listl, S. and Lopez, J.C.F. and Majdan, M. and Majdzadeh, R. and Majeed, A. and Malekzadeh, R. and Mansournia, M.A. and Martins-Melo, F.R. and Masaka, A. and Massenburg, B.B. and Mayala, B.K. and Mehta, K.M. and Mendoza, W. and Mensah, G.A. and Meretoja, T.J. and Mestrovic, T. and Miller, T.R. and Mini, G.K. and Mirrakhimov, E.M. and Moazen, B. and Mohammad, D.K. and Darwesh, A.M. and Mohammed, S. and Mohebi, F. and Mokdad, A.H. and Monasta, L. and Moodley, Y. and Moosazadeh, M. and Moradi, G. and Moradi-Lakeh, M. and Moraga, P. and Morawska, L. and Morrison, S.D. and Mosser, J.F. and Mousavi, S.M. and Murray, C.J.L. and Mustafa, G. and Nahvijou, A. and Najafi, F. and Nangia, V. and Ndwandwe, D.E. and Negoi, I. and Negoi, R.I. and Ngunjiri, J.W. and Nguyen, C.T. and Nguyen, L.H. and Ningrum, D.N.A. and Noubiap, J.J. and Shiadeh, M.N. and Nyasulu, P.S. and Ogbo, F.A. and Olagunju, A.T. and Olusanya, B.O. and Olusanya, J.O. and Onwujekwe, O.E. and Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. and Ortiz-Panozo, E. and �verland, S. and Mahesh, P.A. and Pana, A. and Panda-Jonas, S. and Pati, S. and Patton, G.C. and Perico, N. and Pigott, D.M. and Pirsaheb, M. and Postma, M.J. and Pourshams, A. and Prakash, S. and Puri, P. and Qorbani, M. and Radfar, A. and Rahim, F. and Rahimi-Movaghar, V. and Rahman, M.H.U. and Rajati, F. and Ranabhat, C.L. and Rawaf, D.L. and Rawaf, S. and Reiner, Jr. and Remuzzi, G. and Renzaho, A.M.N. and Rezaei, S. and Rezapour, A. and Rios-González, C. and Roever, L. and Ronfani, L. and Roshandel, G. and Rostami, A. and Rubagotti, E. and Sadat, N. and 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F.S. and Vlassov, V. and Vollmer, S. and Thu Vu, G. and Waheed, Y. and Wang, Y.-P. and Wilkinson, J.C. and Winkler, A.S. and Wolfe, C.D.A. and Yamada, T. and Yeshaneh, A. and Yip, P. and Yisma, E. and Yonemoto, N. and Younis, M.Z. and Yousefifard, M. and Yu, C. and Bin Zaman, S. and Zhang, J. and Zhang, Y. and Zodpey, S. and Gakidou, E. and Hay, S.I. and of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators, Local Burden (2020) Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries. Nature, 577 (7789). pp. 235-238.

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Abstract

Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1�3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4�6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9�11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but�to our knowledge�no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12�14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations. © 2019, The Author(s).

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